Droit Européen du travail
Le droit européen du travail englobe plusieurs réalités. Il inclut à la fois le droit de l’Union européenne mais également le droit européen non communautaire.
Ainsi, le droit communautaire fait naître des conventions, élaborées par le Conseil de l’Europe, qui seront par la suite ratifiées par les Etats. Leur ratification, qui leur donnera un effet direct, permettra à tous les justiciables de l’invoquer devant le juge national.
La plus connue étant la Convention Européenne de Sauvegarde des Droits de l’Homme et des libertés fondamentales (CESDH). En effet, celle-ci consacre notamment l’interdiction du travail forcé et obligatoire (article 4) ou la liberté syndicale (article 11). Mais d’autres articles non spécifiques aux travailleurs trouvent également leur application en droit du travail (droit au procès équitable, droit au respect de la vie privée et familiale).
Plus largement, le droit de l’Union européenne offre, notamment en droit du travail, une protection globale dans l’objectif d’une unification et d’une harmonisation du droit social dans l’Union. Il est important de souligner le principe de primauté du droit communautaire qui permet à tout justiciable d’invoquer une disposition communautaire même si elle n’a pas été ratifiée par l’Etat.
Les diverses sources de droit communautaire
Il existe diverses sources de droit communautaire. D’une part, il y a les traités constitutifs (Paris, Rome et Maastricht) ou les traités modificatifs (Amsterdam et Nice) et, d’autre part, il y a le droit dérivé. Il s’agit principalement des directives et des règlements qui sont des actes adoptés unilatéralement par les institutions de l’UE. Le règlement qui a une portée générale est directement applicable par les Etats membres alors que la directive définit la finalité de la mesure, qui est obligatoire, mais laisse les Etats le choix de la façon d’y parvenir.
En plus de cela, les institutions européennes peuvent émettre des décisions, qui ont un effet direct mais seulement pour les états qu’elle désigne, ou encore des recommandations et des avis qui n’ont pas de portée contraignante.
Enfin, la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (CJUE) offre une jurisprudence riche et essentielle pour l’interprétation du droit et son application en droit interne. En effet, la loi française doit être interprétée par le juge national à la lumière de l’interprétation fournie par les juges communautaires.
En ce sens, l’Etat français a notamment fait l’objet de nombreuses condamnations de la CEDH concernant la longueur des délais de procédure en matière prud’homale (CEDH, 14 novembre 2000, DELGADO c/France, n °38437-97).
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